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Degraded Product: A copper peptide serum that has turned brown or greenish-brown isn't "still fine." That colour change indicates oxidation - the copper has dissociated from the peptide, and you're now applying something that may cause irritation without delivering benefits

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Abbreviations MASLD: Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease LA: Lipoic acid AFLD: Alcoholic fatty liver disease HFD: High-fat diet MCD: Methionine- and choline-deficient diet BBR: Berberine LASY: LA synthase DH-LA: Dihydro LA OGDC: Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex PDHC: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex BCKDC: Branched-chain -ketoacid dehydrogenase complex -GCL: -Glutamylcysteine synthetase NQO-1: NAD[P]H quinone oxidoreductase 1 SOD: Superoxide dismutase RNS: Reactive nitrogen species NF-B: Nuclear factor-kappa B ERK 1/2: Extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 PKC: Protein kinase C MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase T2DM: Diabetes mellitus type 2 TG: Triglycerides HTG: Hypertriglyceridemia Fgf21: Fibroblast growth factor-21 Ppar: Peroxisome proliferatorsactivated receptor alpha acox1: Acyl coenzyme A oxidase cpt1a and cpt2: Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a and 2 rxra: Recombinant retinoid X receptor a abca1: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 FAS: Fatty acid synthase SREBP1c: Pklr1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 Lxra: Liver X receptor a AST: Aspartate aminotransferase PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids MDA: Malondialdehyde ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACLY: ATP-citrate lyase -GCS: -Glutamyl cysteine synthase GSH: Glutathione THRb: Thyroid hormone receptor beta HMGB-1: High-mobility group protein box-1 TLR-4: Toll-like receptor-4 VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 HMG-CoAr: Hepatic cholesterol synthesis enzyme Nrf2: NF-E2-related factor 2 ATGL: Adipose triacylglycerol lipase SP1: Specific protein 1 PA: Palmitic acid ROS: Reactive oxygen species GPx: Glutathione peroxidase STZ: Streptozotocin SOD: Superoxide dismutase GPx: Glutathione peroxidase TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha IL-6: Interleukin-6 CPT-1: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor FASN: Fatty acid synthase IRS: Insulin receptor substrates References Z

doi: 10.1155/2015/648108 [ CrossRef ] [ Google scholar ] [ PubMed ] Sage EH, Vernon RB